Confucianism, Daoism Legalism Essay Example For Students

Confucianism, Daoism Legalism Essay In the midst of the confusion of political unsteadiness and consistent warring of the Zhou period, emerged numerous scholarly masterminds that acquired such significant effect the field of legislative issues, religion and reasoning. Indeed, even to the day, their impact can be espied in the numerous issues of China. Confucianism turned into the vital school of reasoning and later noteworthy methods of reasoning, for example, Daoism and Legalism increased monstrous acknowledgment too. Each gathering had their own recommendations for making a hopeful political society where the numerous issues they looked in their regular daily existences could be wiped out. Every one of the three methodologies were particular and yet, they contained certain likenesses also. In my thinking, I find that Confucianism and Daoism could be resembled from numerous points of view to locate a few normal grounds. Then again, Legalism proceeds to adopt an increasingly special strategy which was very different from the past two. Kongzi (Confucius, a Latinized name) was conceived in 551 B.C.E., to a poor group of the lower honorability. For an incredible duration, he determinedly attempted to increase an office with a noticeable leader of the time who was eager to receive his different ideas. Shockingly, Confucius kicked the bucket in 479 B.C.E., before such a change at any point occurred. Be that as it may, he prevailing with regards to prevailing upon a bunch of give devotees who proceeded with his inheritance and Confucianism later proceeded to get one of the most powerful idea frameworks of Chinese history. Of his supporters, Mencius and Xunzi turned into the most prestige. Since Confucius didn't prevail with regards to finishing a manual of his perspectives, these supporters needed to infer their own understandings of the framework which currently define, the Analects. The Analects depict a glorified courteous fellow, and his different obligations regarding the general public, family and the customs. Confucius clarifies about the way (Dao) which he accepted, that if the individuals acknowledged its terms and were happy to stand, they would prevail with regards to making an idealistic culture. By the start of the BC, another way of thinking develops and increases wide acknowledgment among the everyday citizens. Daoism, much the same as the forerunner and furthermore as the name infers, puts accentuation in transit, that someone in particular is to withstand to. Despite the fact that the two frameworks had various ideas about the way, the shared factor of the two schools was to accomplish all out amicability in the general public. Confucianism centers basically around social request while Daoism puts its focal spotlight on being unified with the nature. In the event that an individual can rehearse five things anyplace on the planet, he is a man of mankind veneration, liberality, honesty, determination and consideration (Ebrey 19B). Confucius refined man needed to have these fine characteristics to make progress. On the opposite side of the token, Daoism accentuated the requirement for comparable elements. Laozi clarifies: For minds, the profundity is acceptable. In social relations, human-heartedness is acceptable. In talking, the reliability is acceptable. In overseeing request is acceptable (Ebrey 28B). The two frameworks, however through various methodologies, advance harmony and generosity among the family, society and with neighboring states. Both Confucianism and Daoism acknowledge the nearness of an extraordinary substance however don't give a reasonable clarification on it. Both idea frameworks consider it generally as a secret that the human psyche can't completely fathom or modify. Confucius put incredible significance in directing various ceremonies for different events. He saw it as a fundamental part for the prosperity of the general public. He stated, when bosses love custom, the individuals are anything but difficult to coordinate (Ebrey 22A). Xunzi gives an increasingly detailed clarification. He said Ritual lead is the flawlessness of respectability . . . Sages understand it, men of their word serenely does them, authorities jam them and the everyday citizens think of them as the custom (Ebrey 25). A similar feeling of puzzle (or ambiguity) can be detected in Daoism. Bingo Long Traveling Essay Laozi proclaims, The way that can be talked about isn't the consistent way . . . anonymous is the wellspring of Heaven and earth . . . Their character can be known as a secret (Ebrey 27 AB). Both Confucianism and Daoism disfavored a cruel government. Confucius asked to lead the individuals with temperance and ceremonies rather than government strategies and disciplines. He accepted that the ruler should pick up .

World philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World way of thinking - Essay Example My convictions were upheld with my encounters with the subjective world, and with the guide of a rich creative mind, I had the option to append the like components to those that I don't by and by understanding. Similarly for what it's worth with the Indians who have confidence in reality that the sun lives in the earth, their way of life takes into account the possibility that everything in the Indian world are associated with one another, in â€Å"profound unity,† may it be lifeless or energize, life is accepted to exist in the quintessence of these things (Momaday, 190). With the sun, the Indians have connected to it a nature that can nearly be human by righteousness for its conduct in the sky with which they can by one way or another identify with. As Momaday composes, â€Å"the sun-watcher among the Rio Grande Pueblos, whose consecrated assignment it is to watch, every day, the very purpose of the sun’s development on the horizon, knows in the profundities of his being that the sun is alive and that it is inseparable with the earth, and he alludes to the most distant eastern plateau as â€Å"the sun’s house† (190), the sun-watcher courts the sun which resemb les a lady being charmed, and the sun being that character is required to go toward home. They consider this to be as a reality on the grounds that the sun experiences changes similarly as an individual would, and seems to move over the sky as would an explorer, and these the Indians give testimony. They consider what they see as essentially as what their sight would lead them to comprehend. For what could be more accurate than to really encounter direct through their own faculties the system of that was around them. Close by the Indians’ respect to a â€Å"living† sun is their distinctive impression of a time allotment. What's more, this assorted idea of time, which is very left from our Western Industrialized idea of time, holds a component of protection of minutes. What's more, maybe this is vastly improved, talking about regarding

Vyvanse for Treating ADHD in Children

Vyvanse for Treating ADHD in Children ADHD Treatment Print Vyvanse for Treating ADHD in Children It works longer and has less potential for abuse than other stimulants By Vincent Iannelli, MD facebook Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Vincent Iannelli, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on February 16, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Nick David / Getty Images Vyvanse is a stimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulants (also known as psychostimulants) are the first line of medications due to their effectiveness in treating  ADHD symptoms. Vyvanse was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in July 2007. Vyvanse for ADHD Vyvanse is a once-a-day treatment for adults and children who are six to 12 years old with ADHD. Its also approved to treat binge-eating disorder in adults. The main ingredient in Vyvanse is lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. The drug acts on the central nervous system to boost the levels of two brain chemicals, dopamine and norepinephrine.?? This, in turn, improves focus and attention and decreases impulsivity and hyperactive behavior. Advantages of Vyvanse Vyvanse is unique in that its a prodrug or forerunner of the drug dextroamphetamine, an amphetamine thats one of the main ingredients in Adderall, Adderall XR, and Dexedrine Spansules. This means Vyvanse isnt active in its ingested form but must be metabolized by the bodys enzymes to become converted to dextroamphetamine and become an active drug. That delayed actionâ€"it can take one to two hours to take effect versus a half hour for Adderallâ€"can stretch out how long the drug works. In studies, Vyvanse lasted up to 14 hours, compared with other long-acting ADHD medicines that tend to last 10 to 12 hours.?? That delay also means Vyvanse is much less likely to be abused  since the drug cant be snorted, smoked, or injected like conventional ADHD medicines. Research shows that up to 10 percent of high school students and up to 35 percent of college students misuse or divert ADHD stimulant medication.?? Because its released at the same levels over time and produces a slow, steady therapeutic effect throughout the day, Vyvanse is often described as smoother than Adderallâ€"theres no kick or jolt to the system when the medication starts to work. An analysis of studies on Vyvanse reported that this smoothness potentially avoids the large and fast increases in dopamine that are associated with the reinforcing effects of drug abuse.?? Dosage Vyvanse is available in seven dosage strengths: 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, and 70 mg. Although most children will start Vyvanse at the 30 mg dosage, a higher starting dose may be more appropriate if your child is switching to Vyvanse from another ADHD stimulant. Vyvanse is taken orally once daily. The first dose is typically taken first thing in the morning; it should be taken at the same time each day for best results. Vyvanse can be taken either with or without food. If your child doesnt like chewable drugs and has trouble swallowing the Vyvanse capsules whole, you can open them and either sprinkle the beads onto a small amount of food or stir them into a few ounces of water or orange juice. This is another benefit over other beaded ADHD stimulant medicines, which dont dissolve in liquids. Side Effects Side effects of Vyvanse are similar to other ADHD stimulants and most commonly include??: Abdominal painVomitingWeight lossDecreased appetiteHeadachesInsomniaIrritability Precautions Like other stimulant medications, Vyvanse should not be used by children with certain conditions,?? including the following: Heart disease or hardening of the arteriesModerate to severe high blood pressureHyperthyroidismGlaucomaHigh state of anxiety, tension, or agitation Vyvanse should also not be used by kids who have a history of drug abuse, who are taking or have taken within the past 14 days an anti-depression medicine (monoamine oxidase inhibitor or MAOI), or who are sensitive to, allergic to, or had a reaction to other stimulant medicines. Should Your Child Try Vyvanse? Vyvanse may be an especially good option if your childs current medication isnt lasting long enough throughout the day, or if youre worried your child may be abusing his or her medicine.

Methane as a Greenhouse Gas

Methane is a major constituent of natural gas, but its chemical and physical characteristics also make it a powerful greenhouse gas and worrisome contributor to global climate change. Methane A methane molecule, CH4, is made of a central carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogens. Methane is a colorless gas usually formed in one of two ways: Biogenic methane is produced by microorganisms breaking down certain types of sugars in conditions where oxygen is absent. This biologically-produced methane can be released to the atmosphere immediately upon being produced, or it can be accumulated in wet sediment only to be released later.Thermogenic methane was formed when organic matter was buried deeply under geological layers and over millions of years, and then broken down by pressure and high temperatures. This type of methane is the primary constituent of natural gas, making up 70 to 90% of it. Propane is a common by-product found in natural gas. Biogenic and thermogenic methane may have different origins but they have the same properties, making them both effective greenhouse gases. Methane as a Greenhouse Gas Methane, along with carbon dioxide and other molecules, contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect. Reflected energy from the sun  in the form of longer-wavelength infrared radiation excites methane molecules instead of traveling out into space. This warms up the atmosphere, enough that methane contributes to about 20% of the warming due to greenhouse gases, second in importance behind carbon dioxide. Due to the chemical bonds within its molecule  methane is much more efficient at absorbing heat than carbon dioxide (as much as 86 times more), making it a very potent greenhouse gas. Fortunately, methane can only last about 10 to 12 years in the atmosphere before it gets oxidized and turns into water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide lasts for centuries. An Upward Trend According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the amount of methane in the atmosphere has multiplied since the industrial revolution, growing from an estimated 722 parts per billion (ppb) in 1750 to 1834 ppb in 2015. Emissions from many developed parts of the world have now appeared to have leveled off, however. Fossil Fuels Once Again to Blame In the United States,  methane emissions come primarily from the fossil fuel industry. Methane is not released when we burn fossil fuels, as carbon dioxide does, but rather during the extraction, processing, and distribution of fossil fuels. Methane leaks out of natural gas wellheads, at processing plants, out of faulty pipeline valves, and even in the distribution network bringing natural gas to homes and businesses. Once there, methane continues to leak out of gas meters and gas-powered appliances like heaters and stoves. Some accidents occur during the handling of natural gas  resulting in the release of large amounts of gas. In 2015 very high volumes of methane were released from a storage facility in California. The Porter Ranch leak lasted for months, emitting almost 100,000 tons of methane into the atmosphere. Agriculture: Worse Than Fossil Fuels? The second-largest source of methane emissions in the United States is agriculture. When evaluated globally, agricultural activities actually rank first. Remember those microorganisms that produce biogenic methane in conditions where oxygen is lacking? Herbivorous livestock guts are full of them. Cows, sheep, goats, even camels have methanogenic bacteria in their stomach to help digest plant material, which means they collectively pass very large quantities of methane gas. And it is not a minor issue, as a full 22% of methane emissions in the United States are estimated to come from livestock. Another agricultural source of methane is the production of rice. Rice paddies contain methane-producing microorganisms as well, and the soggy fields release about 1.5% of global methane emissions. As the human population grows and with it the need to grow food, and as temperatures rise with climate change, it is expected that methane emissions from rice fields will continue to increase. Adjusting rice-growing practices can help alleviate the problem: temporarily drawing down water mid-season, for example, makes a big difference but for many farmers, the local  irrigation network cannot accommodate the change. From Waste to Greenhouse Gas Organic matter decomposing deep inside a landfill produces methane, which is normally vented out and released into the atmosphere. It’s an important enough problem that landfills are the third-largest source of methane emissions in the United States, according to the EPA. Fortunately, an increasing number of facilities capture  the gas and route it to a plant that uses a boiler to produce electricity with that waste gas. Methane Coming From the Cold As Arctic regions warm up quickly  methane is released even in the absence of direct human activity. The Arctic tundra, along with its numerous wetlands and lakes, contains large amounts of peat-like dead vegetation locked in ice and permafrost. As those layers of peat thaw, microorganism activity picks up and methane is released. In a troublesome feedback loop the more methane there is in the atmosphere, the warmer it gets, and more methane is released from the thawing permafrost. To add to the uncertainty, another worrying phenomenon has the potential to further disrupt our climates very rapidly. Under Arctic soils and deep in oceans large concentrations of methane exist entrapped in an ice-like mesh made of water. The resulting structure is called a clathrate, or methane hydrate. Large deposits of clathrate can be destabilized by changing currents, underwater landslides, earthquakes, and warming temperatures. The sudden collapse of large methane clathrate deposits, for whatever reason, would release lots of methane into the atmosphere and cause rapid warming. Reducing Our Methane Emissions As a consumer, the most effective way to lower methane emissions is by reducing our fossil fuel energy needs. Additional efforts include choosing a diet low in red meat to reduce the demand for methane-producing cattle and composting to reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfills where it would produce methane.

How Has The American Education System Evolved Over Time

How has the American educational system developed over these brief 200 years of history? Over the course of American history, there have been many transitional periods. When, why, and how has the original American education system evolved over time? How did American education begin, how, and why, has it changed, what’s American education like now, and how could it change in the future? Let’s take a look back, and see how it all began. How was it like at the very beginning? During the mid 1700’s, around when America was founded, schooling was costly, and often considered unnecessary. most children were taught to read and write at home. By the late 1700s, the literacy rate was around 75% for males and 65% for females. Most children wrote in a â€Å"‘copy book†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, as paper was expensive. During the mid to mid-late late 1700’s, (1760-1780) it was common for wealthy families to hire a tutor (always male) to teach their children English. Al ternatively, some boys went to ‘grammar school’, which taught an assortment of topics, like mathematics, grammar, religion, history, and even foreign languages. Young girls were almost never sent to school, and were usually only instructed on things that had to do with managing a household. Most education was centered upon religion, and when history was taught, it was often through religious context. When children were learning to read and write, it was often done by copying and reading from the bible. It also helped that mostShow MoreRelatedGrowth Of Americas Health Care997 Words   |  4 Pagesin America and how it has affected the health care system today. It will discuss the advancements made in technology and medical services that have evolved over two centuries. It will review how health care delivery has evolved and impacted today’s health system. The delivery of medical services has changed over many decades. 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Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India Free Essays

Public Policy for ANIMAL WELFARE in INDIA. Issues, Challenges and Recommendations Submitted by – DR. PUNIT G. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now (PGP-2), IIMA. ARTICLE 51 of INDIAN CONSTITUTION Article 51 of Indian constitution provides protection to animals in India by ensuring â€Å"Compassion to all living creatures†. For ensuring the same, PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS act was enacted in 1960 under which the Government of India instituted the ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD of INDIA for carrying out the activities mentioned in the above mentioned act. Following are some of the important points to be discussed in this backdrop: 1. Saving of DOG population from mass killing by local municipal corporations. a. Enforcing the ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAMME throughout India, i. e. replacing mass killing of stray dogs with vaccination sterilization programmes. 2. Creating SPCA’s (Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), monitoring their activities, and derecognizing those which are non-working or misusing their mandate. 3. Work towards licensing and taxation of all dog and cat sellers. The report that follows will discuss each issue in the backdrop of the necessity for creating such an article in the act, the relevance in today? time, critical analysis of the policy, any suggestions/recommendations to improve the efficacy for the purpose for which it was put in the first place. ABC program: â€Å"SAVING of DOG POPULATION from MASS KILLING† OVERVIEW: Mass killing of stray dogs was started in India in the 19th century during the times of Britishruled India. Almost 50,000 dogs were killed every yea r even after Independence by the local municipal authorities with an objective to eradicate RABIES and also reduce the stray dog population in India. But in 1993, finally the government admitted that this policy had een a complete failure as human deaths due to rabies had actually increased, and also the dog population was on a rise. This meant that the application of the technique (mass-killing) which was followed in developed countries, did not work in India (a developing nation) as the two environments and scenarios are hugely different from each other. Hence in 1994, the killing programme was replaced by ABC (Animal Birth Control) which meant masssterilization (with mass-vaccination against rabies) instead of mass-killing. In either case, the final objective of the programme is straight-forward – â€Å"Controlling the population of stray dogs. OBJECTIVE of POPULATION CONTROL program: Rather than understanding the pros and cons of any method, let us first begin by laying out the objectives for any such system to be in place. Here are a few of the possible objectives: 1. Protecting the public health at large (as dogs are carriers/vectors for many diseases, including Rabies) 2. Maintaining community hygiene, especially in the urban context. The reasons for doing so are based on some of the facts and statistics highlighted below: i. ii. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world, an estimated 19 million. 0% of all rabies deaths world-wide occur in India, about 30,000 deaths reported each year. iii. iv. 42% of dog-bite victims are children Noise pollution caused by night fights between dog-packs is a severe problem for senior citizens. v. Stray dogs on runways have forced pilots to take evasive action, causing near-accidents to aircraft and necessitating orders from the Mumbai High Court to IAAI to take all necessary measures to clear airport areas of stray dogs. UNDERSTANDING THE â€Å"STRAY DOG† ISSUE: â€Å"Stray dogs† are the ownerless, abandoned, un-muzzled, wandering dogs on the urban road, i. . Free-ranging urban dogs (wikipedia). This means either they are ownerless right from their birth, or become ownerless at some point in their lifetime. These may be pure-bred, true mixed-breed, or un-bred (e. g. Indian pariah). Overpopulation of these stray dogs can cause public health problems for the societies in which they wander freely. The important point to be understood here is that – the societies at risk are majorly the URBAN societies. A lot of literature regarding the stray dogs talks in the context of urban landscape only. Hence it is imperative to understand the reason behind strays becoming a nuisance/menace/problem for the urban landscape, but not majorly for the rural landscape. Is it an URBAN MENACE? Stray dogs or the Indian pariahs are considered scavengers. Principally, this means that they live on the scraps or leftovers from the human households. This is not shocking as history tells us that dogs are those descendants from the wolves which got domesticated due to the humans using them in their hunting expeditions, and rewarding them by passing over chunks of meat or leftovers from the kill. This also implies that this particular evolution of the wolf species has been artificially induced by the humankind. This backdrop is essential in the light of the discussion ahead, as the SCAVENGER nature or utility feature is a part of the domestication feature during the evolution of the dogs. Since ancient times, dogs domesticated around villages serving two primary functions. These being: A. Sanitation B. Security As dogs used to live off on the scraps and the edible waste from the house-holds, they became scavengers in addition to the other natural scavenger animals (including birds). This also meant that they served as an important step in the maintenance of hygiene of the villages by performing effective waste management. In the urban scenario, such a natural waste management system is of no use as there are better waste management systems at disposal. This led to scarcity in the natural food (leftovers) for dogs, leading to the usual survival phenomena of forming packs and searching for food. Hence, this puts the urban society at risk. But given the open access to garbage (a result of improper waste management) in urban areas of developing countries, dogs have found a way to live and breed freely. Hence, the resultant has been that the stray dog-population has been on a rise even when mass-killing was in place. So the technique of control is not a problem in first place, but the lack of proper waste management in the urban scenario. This also brings out an important hypothesis – â€Å"Population control measure of any kind is bound to fail in absence of proper urban waste management systems which lead to free-access of these stray animals to waste which acts as their source of food. † Dogs are territorial animals – that means they guard their territory, not just from other dogs but from anyone they perceive as intruders. This is a feature which has been exploited / put to use by the humans for decades of their symbiosis together. But in the urban setting, this utility feature is not put to use at all, except the use of certain breeds of dogs (mainly nonIndian origin) for security/guarding purpose. The innate guarding nature of dogs lead to these strays barking on beggars entering into new territories, attacking speeding vehicles ONLY DURING NIGHT TIMES, etc. An interesting example to prove this case is the instance of a few stray dogs barking on the 26-11 attackers when they landed by a ferry in Mumbai. These strays were continuously barking at those people trying to make the locals aware that they are sensing some deviation from the normal – perhaps sensing a major threat. But the locals chose to ignore this, and the rest is a fateful history. This also brings out an important hypothesis – â€Å"Stray dogs are nuisance in urban settings not because they are not a fit in the urban environment, but because we haven’t been able to tap into their innate abilities and utilize them for maintain the centuriesold symbiosis between the two species. † ANALYSIS/EVALUATION/CRITIQUE OF THE FACTS: i. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world, an estimated 19 million. A simple look at this fact makes us think that it is time to control this population. But a deeper understanding of dynamics of dog population will clear a lot of air. Dog populations follow a specific growth curve – the initial being an EXPONENTIAL growth curve, followed by decrease in birth rate and increase in death rate reaching equilibrium depending on the carrying capacity of the environment to keep this balance. The carrying capacity of environment means the availability, distribution and quality of resources (shelter, food and water) which aid the natural growth of dog population. (Jimenez-Coello) This also implies that dog population control measure cannot be seen independent of the factors which impact it. Hence, control on the carrying factors is a pre-requisite for the direct control measures like â€Å"sterilization† to actually succeed. ii. 80% of all rabies deaths world-wide occur in India, about 30,000 deaths reported each year. Rabies is a preventable viral disease transmitted through the saliva of INFECTED animals. Dogs are the most common source of transmission to humans. The control measures adopted currently are the â€Å"Vaccination programs† against rabies. Now the efficacy of such a program depends on a lot of factors which involve maintaining the cold storage or cold supply chain of the vaccine, administering the vaccine when the dog is normal health, administering in puppy stage, regular annual vaccination, etc. The question which arises here is how a stray dog, living in open conditions, can be made to confirm to all the above criteria. Hence, the efficacy of this system will always be questionable. Also, a major loophole exists in actual implementation of this measure – the number of dogs vaccinated by any animal welfare organization is simply taken at the face-value by the AWB. Shouldn? t there be a correlation between the population of dogs in a given area, number of dogs vaccinated and number of rabies incidents reported/found? This should be an evaluation criterion to confirm if the organization is efficient in performing the objective of rabies control. iii. Noise pollution caused by night fights between dog-packs is a severe problem for senior citizens. Do dogs bark only when they fight? If yes, do they occur only during the night? Many such questions can be raised to actually test the truth behind this fact. Yes, barking leads to noise pollution, disturbance during night etc. but dogs bark when they feel threatened OR perceive someone to be a threat to their territory. We also need to prepare a report on number of petty thefts (stealing car audio, burglary etc. ) being prevented due to stray dogs barking at night. That would be a valid critique for the above fact. THE SOLUTION (Combination of CONTROL and UTILITY) A unique model which suits a developing nation like INDIA needs to be created for ensuring that the dog population doesn? t actually become a menace to the society. A species which has long been living in harmony and symbiosis with the human race since ages, doesn? t mutate into a pest for humans – just because we haven? t found a utility of this domesticated species. Along with ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAM and VACCINATION PROGRAM, a „COLLECTIVE PETTING? methodology is proposed which is as follows: POLICE SYSTEM Aid to curb urban crime (theft, burglary, etc) Search Rescue assistance during DISASTERS. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Involving students in proper care of strays. Development of a broader understanding of urban environmental balance in students. Development of caring attitude for animals in students. – NGO’s Driving force of this entire project VETERINARY HEALTHCARE Preventive Health care system. Market research. Outsourcing of food medicines for the project. Efficient implementation of the project. – – Main co-ordinator between all the key players. Think-Tank for this entire project. – HOUSING SOCIETIES Collective Adoption of Stray dogs. Better security solution. Reduction in menace to the society. How to cite Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India, Papers

The ramifications of Child Sibling Incest an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

The ramifications of Child Sibling Incest by Expert Prof.Ashley | 23 Dec 2016 Sibling Incest Free Essay Societys awareness of sibling incest and assault, and its response, has lagged behind other child abuse issues and concerns. In comparison with parentchild abuse, inter-sibling abuse is generally underreported by parents, teachers, mental health professionals, and the community. Child Protective Services and the legal system are reluctant to accept and respond to sibling abuse reports that are filed (Caffaro & Caffaro, 2005). Research studies on sibling incest are lacking which may be due to parents who discover their children engaging in sexual acts are usually not inclined to call child protective services. Also sibling incest has a myth surrounding in that label it benign with no side effects Mitchell, 1995, p.75). Need essay sample on "The ramifications of Child Sibling Incest" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals: I still don't know how I'm going to write my racial profiling essay EssayLab specialists advise: Help With Essay Writing. Here Is Your Life Vest! Essay Writing TipsHow To Write A 5 Paragraph EssayCheap Essays5 Steps To An EssayCollege Papers For SalePaper Writers For HireCoursework Writing ServiceBuy Essay Definition Incest may be defined as sexual relations between close blood relatives, e.g., between a child and the father or uncle, between siblings; or in its broader sense, between a child and a stepparent or stepsibling. Incest is a taboo in all countries. Legally, incest and sexual aggression toward minors are classified as a criminal behavior. It has psychological, social, medical, and legal ramifications. Recently, it was reported that being the victim of paternal incest during childhood might be a significant predictor of a borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress in adults. Although fatherdaughter incest is the most common, incest can also involve other family members, especially brothers and sisters. The incest victim of a father and/or brother relationship may manifest more severe distress, than the victim of a stepfather (Celbis et al, 2006). Causative factors There can a number of reasons for sibling abuse occurring. Firstly, parents may give responsibility to older sibling to take care of younger children, who in fact is not mature enough emotionally to act as a surrogate parent. Secondly, parents may be caught up with their own busy lifestyle to effectively parenting their children. Thirdly, even after knowing about the abuse, they fail to check it due to ineffective parenting (Mitchell, 1995, p.75). Symptoms There are fewer signs and symptoms of sibling incest than parental incest due to the fact that sibling incest is less disruptive to the functioning of the family and hence less likely to be discovered. Fewer signs and symptoms of traumatization could facilitate maintaining the secret (Schetky & Green, 1988, p.130). Long term psychological symptoms of incest include depression, anxiety, psychiatric disorder, drug and alcohol use, borderline personality disorder, somitization disorder and eroticization. However, the severity of the symptoms depends on a number of factors such as frequency and duration, relation to perpetrator, use of violence oe force, type of abuse, age of victim, age difference between the perpetrator and victim, and parental support variable (Schetky, 1990, p.32). Research findings Smith and Israel (1987) studied 25 cases of sibling incest. They have found three factors specific to the families in which sibling incest occurred. Parents were distant and unavailable, both emotionally and physically. 88% of the fathers and 75% of the mothers fit this category. Secondly, home environment was sexually stimulating. Forty eight per cent of the sibling perpetrators witnessed some form of sexual contact between parents or a parent or someone else. Fifty two percent of the sibling perpetrators had been sexually abused and 32% of sibling perpetrators had the same female member of the family that had been victimized by the father. Over three quarter of the parents were engaged in extramarital affairs (Smith & Israel, 1987). Effects of sibling incest The incestuous relation can ruin the victims lives in many aspects. Daughters who have been sexually abused reported lower levels of self-esteem about their intellectual and school status, resulting in lower academic achievement at school, marital problems and also job failure (Dadds et al, 1991). Relationship difficulties, developmental effects limiting the siblings ability to form meaningful relationships within his or her peer group, and dysfunctional family dynamics are also evident with survivors of sibling incest. Although the effect of sibling incest is thought to be insignificant compared to father-daughter incest, the damage can still be considerable. When coercion, threats, or other forms of abuse of power have taken place, the damage can be considerable (Hagood, 2000, p.151). The traumatic impact of sibling incest will depend on a series of factors including the type of molestation, frequency, duration, and extent of the sexual contact, the degree of coercion and physical force applied, the discrepancy of age between the siblings, and the nature of the sibling relationship. Long term sibling incest involving coercion and physical threats with a significance difference in age between the perpetrator and the victim is likely to be more damaging than a mutually consensual exploratory sexual contact between siblings close in age (Schetky & Green, p.131). Treatment of sibling incest The unique circumstances of sibling abuse treatment frequently require a modification of traditional systemic approaches. In treating victims or perpetrators of sibling violence, safety and accountability are front and center issues for the clinician. According to Larson and Maddock (1986) that family treatment is not always possible or acceptable. Family-based therapy may be one aspect of a multidimensional approach to treatment that includes inpidual, group, and family intervention. The patient's readiness is a prime criterion for determining the wisdom of family involvement. Treatment considerations must take into account the developmental stage and readiness of the incest survivor and treatment must be coordinated with the needs and capacities of the client. There is a clear danger inherent in rigid approaches, which expect all families to fit the same theories of causation and methods of treatment. Differing cultural expectations influence the developmental course of relationships between parents and children, as well as between siblings. The ability to recognize these differences is important when assessing and intervening in sibling incest and assault dyads. And because abuse trauma is likely to involve multiple areas of functioning, sibling assessment must be an ongoing part of treatment rather than a static process that precedes therapy (Caffero & Caffero, 1998). Conclusion Treatment for sibling incest and assault requires multidisciplinary cooperation and usually, the coordination of services among several provider systems. Like child abuse treatment in general, it is complex and challenging work that requires ongoing specialized training and ability. Systematic and cross cultural studies are also called for to fill the lacuna in research. References Broden, M.S., sexual abuse of adult incest survivors: ethical and legal considerations, Psychotherapy, Vol.35, issue 1, pp.96-104 Caffaro, J.V., & Caffaro, A.C. (2005) Treating sibling abuse families, Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol.10, issue 5, pp.604-623 Caffaro, J.V., & Caffaro, A.C. (1998) Sibling abuse trauma: Assessment and intervention strategies for children, families, and adults, Haworth Press, New York, pp.303 Celbis, O., Ozcan, M.E., & Ozdemir, B (2006) Parental and sibling incest: a case report, Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, Vol.13, issue 1, pp.37-40 Dadds, M., Smith, M., Webber, Y., daughter incest, Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol 15, issue 4, pp.575-586 Hagood, M.M.(2000) The use of art in counseling child and adult survivors of sexual abuse, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp.269 Larson, N.R., 44 Mitchell, J.W. (1995) Rape of the innocent: Understanding and preventing child sexual abuse, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, U.S.A., pp.315 Schetky, D.H., & Green, A.H. (1988) Child sexual abuse: A handbook for healthcare and legal professionals, Psychology Press, Routledge, London, pp.248 Schetky, D.H. (1990) A review of the literature on the long term effects of childhood sexual abuse, In Richard Kluft Eds: Incest related syndromes of adult psychopathology, American Psychiatric Press, Washington D.C. pp.33-38 Smith, H., & Isreal, E (1987) Sibling incest: A study of dynamics of 25 cases, Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol.11, issue 1, pp.101-108

Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Example

Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Example Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Sensibilities and Hypocrisy in Victorian Fiction Essay Essay Topic: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde The Victorian era was one of strict sensibilities.   Religiosity prevailed, if only for form’s sake, and good manners were held in great esteemeven if they were only used as a public front.   Victorian hypocrisy was such that pianos were draped so that their legs would not show and while men might admire a woman’s breasts, the breast of the chicken was known only as â€Å"the white meat.†Ã‚   Many Victorians themselves were aware of this hypocrisy.   The two pieces of fiction that this paper will be used two examine reflect the hypocrisy as seen through the authors’ eyes.   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story The Minister’s Black Veil and Robert Louis Stevenson’s novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde both demonstrate their authors’ awareness of how the exterior presentation of Victorian sensibilities mask the truth of the people who hide behind them. The Minister’s Black Veil The minister in Hawthorne’s story is outwardly a good and godly man.   He separates himself, however, behind a black crape veil.   The veil makes its first appearance shortly before a sermon on the subject of secret sin, and those sad mysteries which we hid from our nearest and dearest, and would fain conceal from our own consciousness (Hawthorne 27).   Hawthorne’s minister preaches about they hypocrisy of maintaining a hidden inner life and yet he hides his own inner thoughts behind his veil.   He is a hypocrite himself because he is supposed to provide his clergy with comfort, yet his veil not only [throw] its influence over his whole person, and [make] him ghost-like from head to foot (Hawthorne 28), it hangs between him and the congregation and keeping him from his job of providing them guidance and comfort.   Rather than providing them with comfort, he causes deeper gloom at a funeral and makes a wedding â€Å"dismal† (Hawthorne 30).   The revere nd can hardly be the man he wants purports himself to bea man of God and a servant to his congregationwhen he indulges himself in such a peculiar fashion.   The minister, then, represents the Victorian propensity to say the apparently proper thing and hiding a perhaps ugly truth behind an innocuous veneer. The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Stevenson, however, shows another side of hypocrisy.   While Hawthorne shows a bland and quiet hypocrisy that is dangerous for its ability to leave doubt about the truth, Stevenson shows the danger that comes when that hidden hypocrisy is allowed to force its way to the forefront.   Jekyll is like the minister’s veil.   He is bland and quiet, â€Å"smooth-faced,† yet with a â€Å"slyish cast† (Stevenson 12).   Jekyll is a perfect hiding place for the menacing nature that is Hyde who is that dark secret that the veil hid, the basic instinctive nature of humankind.   Hyde is truly hidden by Jekyll’s hypocrisy in his failure to acknowledge his inner demon and by Utterson’s failure to speak up when he discovers Jekyll’s secret.   Instead, he chooses to do what a proper Victorian gentleman would do in his position: he hides the unpleasantness that emanates from Jekyll’s situation in order to preserve the status quo at the cost o f the truth. Hyde is not only hidden by these men, he is also hidden by â€Å"an ivory-faced and silvery-haired old woman† whose evil face was â€Å"smoothed by hypocrisy† that is nevertheless veiled by â€Å"excellent manners† (Stevenson 16).   This woman is the truth of Victorian society unveiled.   She and Hyde are the male and female aspects of the brutal force of instinct, perversions of the bland and caring natures that Victorian society usually painted on housekeepers and doctors. Both of these stories reveal the hypocrisy of Victorian society.   Hawthorne’s minister shows the danger of hiding secrets, while Stevenson’s Hyde shows the danger of those secrets revealed.   Both, however, examine how the brutal inner force of truth can be hidden by the bland veil of deception. Hawthorne, Nathaniel.   Twice-Told Tales, Rosemary Mahoney (ed.).   New York: Random House, 2001. Stevenson, Robert Louis.   The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.   New York: Dover Thrift, 1991. nbsp;

Top 6 Key Questions to Ask at Your Next Job Interview

Top 6 Key Questions to Ask at Your Next Job Interview You got the interview!  Things are going well. You’ve smoothly discussed your performance points, you’ve glossed over That Incident We’d All Like to Leave Behind, and you’ve been making eye contact like a pro. Suddenly, the interviewer asks you if you have any questions. â€Å"Oh ho,† you think. â€Å"The interviewee has become the interviewer!† But in the moment, you start to feel a bit of inward panic. You’ve focused so fully on answering any question that could possibly be thrown your way, and now you’re drawing a bit of a blank. The best way to avoid that deer-in-headlights moment in an interview is to be prepared. Ahead of the interview, think of a set of questions to have on hand no matter how the discussion shakes out. If possible, work them in organically during the interview (without seeming too Barbara Walters about it). If they don’t really fit with the flow of the conversation, hold them until the end when y ou might well have an open floor.1. â€Å"How has this position evolved?†This one can give you a sense of how the company sees this role- and, potentially, you. If this is a role that has expanded or updated with each person that has held it, that’s a good indicator that it is a growth position. If it has stayed more or less the same over time, it could be that there is not much room for you to a) make it your own or b) advance beyond a certain point. Not necessarily a dealbreaker, depending on your perspective, but definitely something to be aware of as you go into it.RELATED:  Crush your Next Job Interview with These 12 Questions2. â€Å"In the first year, what is the highest priority for this position?†Five-year plans (a common interview and career subject) are all well and good, but the first year in a position could make or break it for you. Knowing the immediate plans for this role can tell you whether this is where you really want to be. After all, the company’s goals for the position will become your goals if you end up taking the job, so it would be helpful to know as early as possible whether the initial priorities are ones that seem manageable to you and likely to be a challenge.3. â€Å"In this position, how would I be working with my manager?†Speaking of things that can make or break your new job, your boss might be the most important one. We all have management styles to which we respond well- and ones that make us want to run screaming for the nearest exit. The answer to this question can let you know whether you’ll be working shoulder-to-shoulder with your manager, or if he or she expects you to take a ball and run with it, with minimal input or hand-holding.4. â€Å"What are the biggest challenges in this role?†Just like you present the best parts of yourself in your resume and the interview, the employer wants to present the best parts of this job to prospective employees. There is likely mor e to the job than the bare-bones job description, and now is your chance to get some of that extra context if the interviewer hasn’t already offered that information.5. â€Å"What is a typical day like in this role?†If you’ll be spending most of your day on particular tasks, this question can help you figure out whether that will work for you. For example, if you hate fielding phone calls, but it turns out that 75% of this job is working the phones, this is crucial information to have. This can also help you figure out what the priorities will be for the position and help you shape any subsequent answers around that information to show that you would be a good fit for that daily routine.6. â€Å"Is there anything else I can provide to help you make this decision?†This is a good grand finale question once the interview is winding down. It shows you’re proactive and keenly interested in the position, for starters and also gives you a chance to clarif y any vagueness or confusion on the interviewer’s part.Asking questions in your interview is key. It demonstrates that you’re paying attention and are engaged in the process. And by asking smart ones on the spot, tailored specifically to the job description and your pre-interview research on the company, you show the interviewer that you’re a better-prepared candidate than someone who either doesn’t speak up or who ignores the useful opportunity to ask counter-questions.

The Power of Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Power of Public Relations - Essay Example The roles of corporations have emerged to be criminal and obscene in nature that it becomes difficult to even consider proposing a change in their business conduct and culture.A clear, well-planned policy and public relations approach will rally the audience or the public to support the leader amidst the counter-campaign of opponents, not only political but also corporate in nature. This has become necessary in the US political landscape and mass communication due to the open encroachment of corporate actors in policy-making and informing the public. After all, the majority of the so-called mainstream media are corporate in nature and they tend to support their advertisers despite obvious negative actions they are committing against the majority of the public. In addition, the delineation between freedom and expression and controlled information has been blurred to a point where truth may be difficult to identify (Hall, 2007). To conclude, public relations for a political leader or c lient may prove difficult if one is on the side for the public good. A need to bargain with major actors becomes necessary to strike a balance and make the opposite side understand the importance of sustainability even in corporate dealings. Where a balance may be bargained, the problem will be on safeguarding an equitable implementation of policy. All these encompass the work of the public relations practitioner and should be considered carefully in their PR packages especially for politicians.

The Function of International Marketing Strategies Assignment

The Function of International Marketing Strategies - Assignment Example The Freitag enterprise is now a booming success, selling bags from 350 locations across the world in Berlin, Cologne, Davos, New York, Hamburg, and Zurich (FREITAG, 2011). They also have an online shop, which adds to their revenue massively. The factory in which these bags are made is situated in Switzerland, near the cross-city highway, which was part of the initial inspiration for the first bag in 1993. This brand has become well known and loved in several locations across the world, especially Japan and England, all in a span of just a few years. The main headquarters is in Zurich, in the country to which it not only belongs but also one with one of its highest number of consumers. Like every business, Freitag has had its setbacks and shocks during periods of recession. The solution it chose to such problems was diversification and expansion in geographical markets, rather than reducing the existing operations. For such expansion, the board of directors is currently searching for the right locations. As a Freitag employee, I would like to suggest the Brazilian market to them. There would be several benefits of entering this market, of example the high population and further expected growth rate, the free market economy, their exchange rate, highly developed telecom sector, and finally, Brazil’s elevated purchasing power parity.Initially, Freitag will capture 8 to 9 percent of the market, a goal that it plans to achieve by the time their second year-ends. After this is achieved, it will move on to establishing itself as a fashion brand. The cities it will initially be introducing its product to will be the large cities of Brazil, for example, Brasilia, Sao Paulo, Salvador, Rio de Janerio, Manaus, Curitiba, Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janerio. It will offer these new customers a retail price of 100 Brazilian real and will present its product as being innovative, refreshing, and tailored according to the specifications

Does Rehabilitation Of Prisoners Work Criminology Essay

Does Rehabilitation Of Prisoners Work Criminology Essay Does the rehabilitations works in prisons? And what is the effect of prisoners who have treated with rehabilitation system? There is no one has not done mistake in his life. Some of these mistakes are deserve the person to be arrested, whereas some of them are not. In addition, the prisoners are already paying from their fault by being in the prison. So, why do not we prepare and rehabilitate them to start better and new life when they finish their period of prison. Moreover, every country has its own rehabilitation system. In this project I will outline the rehabilitation system and what extend does the rehabilitation system help with reintegration of prisoners in to society. (Chris Sherwood , 2010) According to Princeton Universitys WordNet, rehabilitation is restoring someone to a useful place in society. As such, a rehabilitation centre is a location in which rehabilitation can occur. People get displaced from society for a variety of reasons. Some may experience an accident or i llness that temporarily makes them unable to function the way they used to. Others may have an addiction that handicaps them. A rehabilitation centre provides a support system to help restore people to their place in society. Nowadays, the prison is relatively social experiment which started in 200 years ago. Before that time it was not sentence of imprisonment. The prison is the place to hold the people who had been convicted. (DAVIES, 2010) basically, every country has their own treatment of there prisoners some of them treating aggressively whereas, some of them treating nicely which is followed by prisoners rights. In this essay I will investigate the prisoners in Egypt and Jordan and I will compare them with prisoners of United Kingdom. Nowadays, many countries are not follow the prisoners right in their prisons. The prisoners always treating violently and one of these countries that I have discovered is EGYPT. In 2008 more than twenty prisoners has died in town in Egypt called Assuit and mostly inmate have injured during unrest at a jail. Moreover, the violence continued more than three hours then the police used tear gas to get the control back of the jail. Nevertheless, the police punished all the prisoners and they decided to put him a lone in the prison. During the solitary the prisoner had died. (UNKNOWN,2008) in additions, the Amnesty international has received consistent report that these jails lack adequate medical care and the prisoners are held in cramped conditional and unsanitary and the food is absolutely horrible and its not sufficient for all the prisoners. Moreover, the police are treating them in violent way. Consequently, these poor conditional have led many detainees died and the diseases spread rapidly throughout prisons. Many illnesses were spread in the prisons. For instance, asthma, pulmonary pneumonia and skin diseases. (UNKNOWN, 1997) the principle reason is that they do not follow the prisoners rights. Furthermore, the prisoner became much more aggressive when he finishes his period. The prisoners right says convicted prisoners should have many things. For instance, visits, letters, newspapers and books, medical treatment (etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.). (Prisoners Rights). The second country in the Middle East which is treating their prisoners in violence way is Jordan. In fact, in 2006 the human right in Jordan said we should stop what is happening in the prisons. The torture of prisoners is a routine phenomenon in these days. It was flagrant violation of human rights in Jordan prisons. In addition, the complains of torture and abuse increasing rabidly last few years and the most people who treating badly than other is MUSLIM people ((IRIN) Human Rights 2010).However, the go vernment of Jordan were looking to solve the entire problem regarding prisons so, beginning in April 2006 Management of Jordanian prisons undertook a plan to reform all the prisons in Jordan because of the what is happening in the prisons. Public security department haired firm from the United Stats TO help them to keep the control in the prisons and to training people who working in the prison. In addition, these reform efforts have received huge support from the citizens. King Abdullah called on the government to present a reform plan. In 2007 General Mazem AL Gadi was focusing in maintain to improve the process of the people who are working in prisons and in the centres of rehabilitation system. As a result, the improvement was clear. They opened new prisons. There is prison in Jordan which is has very bad reputation in terms of torture. Moreover, this prison became one of the best prisons in Jordan. Because they stop using torture in treatment. and the government started to sepa rating the detainees between convicted prisoners and the prisoners who might be innocent. The prisoners behaviour changed after using a new system which rehabilitate them and respect them and helping them to start a new successful life (Human Rights watch 2008). We can infer that the rehabilitation system works in prisons and it making a huge improvement in society because the number of prisoners in the world is so high so, if we treat them nicely we can make a huge improvement in our community. on the other hand, the prisons in Britain are much better than Egypt and Jordan. The prison service in Britain has the responsibility of working the prison system and the prisons worked by private companies (CRIMINAL JUSTICE). The purpose of the rehabilitations system is making prisoners better and gets them ready to start a new successful life. In addition, in 1964 the view of prison rules discovered that the purpose of treating and treatment of convicted prisoners is to encourage and assist the detainees to lead a good and successful life. In 1969 the people in prisons saw that the prisons as being hold people were acceptable to society as it is absolutely possible to encourage the prisoners to rehabilitate them to start a good and better new life. After a few years, the document was looking for dignity and respect for the detainees and they were still searching of hope regarding the idea of rehabilitations of prisoners. Moreover, the view had changed in 1977 it was started to give a small support for the view of imprisonment and how can we change prisoners behaviour. After two years more, the review of United Kingdom prison services we think that the rhetoric of treatment and training has had its day and should be replaced. In addition, it was suggested that the prisons should be involve positive custody and that the prisons should be helpful and purposive communities (home office in 1979) (CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PENOLOGY 2004).One of the significant factors that to distinguish the situation in the UK is that intensity of media which is inform the citizens regarding what is happening in the UK prisons to get the feedback to improve any things that it should does. However, there is a disadvantage from the media from some countries because they often claimed that the UK send more of its population to prison that the other European countries. This propaganda leads some people to believe that the UK send more of criminal to prisons than other European countries. T hese country which claim that are not comparing the countrys prison population with its crime rate. In addition, the recent comparative data indicates that prison in the UK is underused. But we can see from the figure these comparisons show that the government of UK sends fewer of its offenders to prisons than the other countries(FRASER 2006). On the other side, UK has the highest prisoner in jail compared with the whole population, which is reflect its high crime rate. On the other hand, The family connection is absolutely one of the main factors to help prisoners to return in to society. For example, conjugal visits which are showed greater success in reintegrating prisoners back into their communities. (INSIDE TIME NEWS 20010) One of real example is English prisoner tells his story with the rehabilitation system. His name is Bob Turney and he grown up with his brother and his brother was criminal. So, when he reaches 18 he became professional at crime. One day when he was drunk s teal bank then the police arrested him. Moreover, he was arrested around 18 years and he attempted suicide. However, when he joined to the rehabilitation system everything was changed When he started to improve. There were many things in his life that the rehabilitation system supports him to address. Then he was placed in some hostel, and afterwards he return to his own place. He was absolutely exhausted on his past life that he had leading and he started looking for job on building sites to pay the rent. After that he attended a lot of self-help groups and got support with his drinking and drugging. Now when he put his head on the pillow at night he feels comfortable in his own skin. However he feel regret about crimes. The last one was 30 years ago and Ive spent the last 30 years trying to put things right. Rehabilitation is possible for anyone if they want to change (The in depended News 2007). From the statistic of crime it can be seen the percentage of prisoners who become change their life is increasing for the last few years (NATIONAL STATISTIC). However, there is overcrowding the prisons in England and Wales. Also, the case is clearly complex. However, the factors of overcrowding in prisons it can be investigated as firstly, the number of convicted who commit the number of imprisonment offences. Secondly, how long does the sentence take? In other word, the length of the sentence. Finally, the impact of early release system.(Michael Doherty 2004).In some prisons the Detainees are holding in place does not fit all of them. Moreover, the director of Juliet Lyon which is one of the biggest prisons in England and Wales said more prisons will generate high cost. So, the only way to keep for serious and violent offenders is to cut out everything that is not necessary use of violent of custody and the sentence dealing with inflation and the growth of unspecified penalties. Nev ertheless, England is one of the countries that have a bigger number of offenders compared with Europe countries. (Article history guardian 2009). As its written in population of prisons in custody in 2002 is increase five percent from the previous yeas. In this case the rehabilitation system is absolutely helpful to have a better community because this system will control a big proportion of people because from the statistic in 2008 there are 82319 in total. ( David Barrett 2008) The concept which is associated to rehabilitation is treating the offender and reintegration him into society. In 1970s the concept of rehabilitation has been opposed and designated to be failure. Martinson reports, analysed that 231 programs that involved evaluation of treatment methods that used a control group and that employed an independent measure of the improvement secured by the treatment method (Alexander B. Smith and Louis Berlin 1988). Moreover, the conclusion of his report is that there is no noticed effect in the program. However, from palmer evaluation of Martins report by saying Martins ignored the positive trend because he was searching for an across the board or rehabilitation for the offenders around the world. Palmer suggested that Rather than ask what works for offenders as a whole we must increasingly ask which method work best for which type of offenders, and under what conditions or in what types of setting? (Alexander B. Smith and Louis Berlin 1988) From the previous argument, we can reasoned that the rehabilitations and treatment as correctional goal to work and protect the offenders. In short, the rehabilitation system does works in prisons. As we can see from the evidence from people who was in prison and how can the rehabilitation system could change the prisoner completely in terms of behaviour and the way of thinking. So, in my opinion this system supposed to apply everywhere because its absolutely useful for the community, on the other hand, the people who think that is not working and we have to punish him as long as they are in the prisons, I can respond to them is that they are already buying from their mistake by being in the prison. In addition, the rehabilitation system is applied on the basis of rules and laws set by the government its not as arbitrary or randomly.

Adapting to Modern Society

Adapting to Modern Times Today, there are various radio stations that are broadcasted throughout Tanzania. However, from the 1950s until the mid-1990s, Radio Tanzania was the country’s sole station, consisting of music, poetry, drama, and speeches. There are currently more than 15,000 reels of these tapes that are sitting on the shelves of the BBC building in Dar es Salaam. Reviving the Radio Tanzania Archives is a project that has a goal of digitizing and preserving these tapes before they are destroyed.Throughout reading the booklet by the Heritage Project and after listening to the NPR segment, I noticed a common theme of indigenization of modernity. I argue that the project is using modern technology in order to preserve traditional ways. This topic has also been an important concept of the papers by Christen and Hodgson. In order to reach their goal, the people of the Tanzania Heritage project must use modern knowledge to convert the reel tapes into digital material. When they are able to make this conversion, they will be exemplifying the act of using modern ways in order to preserve traditions.The traditions that they are preserving refer to the history that is embedded in the forms of media that were broadcasted on the radio. According to the Heritage Project, Radio Tanzania was â€Å"both a key instrument of the state and public service, used as a tool for promoting unity and national pride through music† (booklet:8). The Radio represented more than just entertainment, it was involved in politics, and social relations as well. In the NPR segment, they state that the Radio was strictly Tanzanian, a station that was sung by and for the Tanzanian people.The station represents the purity of the Tanzanians without the influence from other institutions. In reproducing these tapes through digitization, people from all different parts of the world will be able to experience a part of the Tanzanian past. The restoration of them allows the Tanzania n tradition to live on indefinitely. Another important concern for the Heritage Project is for the future generations of Tanzania. The co-founder, Benson Rukantabula, hopes that â€Å"If we digitize the archives, they (younger generation) can know where they lost their way†(booklet:13).By using the modern technology to preserve the archives, the project hopes to inspire future generations to create music based on traditional values. King Kiki, one of the legends of the Radio Tanzania era, still plays to sold-out crowds weekly. Another artist of the radio, John Kitime also continues to play live shows throughout Tanzania. The fact that both of these men are still playing to live audience signifies how valuable the music still is. This type of music is also known as Swahili Jazz music, and it was the most popular form of Tanzanian music from the 1960s until the mid-1990s.One important feature of this type of music, according to the co-founder of the Tanzanian Heritage Project, is that you do not have to know the Swahili language to appreciate the music. The project believes in the universality of music, and how it crosses cultural barriers. If more of this music was available for people, then people would naturally begin to recognize the traditional rhythms and melodies of Tanzanian history. The broadcast of this music would increase the influence of traditional Tanzanian culture worldwide. The compact disc of the Warumungu women is also an example of the indigenization of modernity. The recorded songs define Warumungu women’s ancestral relations, their ongoing community status, and their continued relation to specific sets of country† (Christen:417). It is only with the compact disc, which is the product of modern society, that they are able to spread this music and their traditions internationally. To show the goal of reaching outside cultures, there is an insert that includes both English and Warumungu, in which the women voice their tradi tions, and explain their decision to put the disc into circulation.This insert gives a long history to the reader, and allows them an inside perspective of Warumungu history. Along with broadcasting nationally, this music is also recognized locally, and it is a central goal of the Warumungu women to create a new generation of â€Å"red-orcher women. † The disc was an important source of security for the Warumungu women, to ensure them that their younger generation would recognize and notice their ancestor’s traditions. In addition to the women’s desire to show their traditions to outside cultures and to their own younger generation, they were also aware of the economic benefit that the disc had for them.Nappanangka, a senior Warumungu women said that her â€Å"expectation is that the compact disc’s circulation will increase her power as a ‘red-orcher woman’ while also helping her pay for a new Toyota Land Cruiser† (Christen:424). With the success of the compact disc, the women were hoping for recognition as well as some economic benefit; both of which would help their society. In conclusion, the Warumungu women used the compact disc in order to protect their future generations and to preserve their own customs.The Maasai culture has experienced rapid change throughout its history. In the past, the Maasai culture was ignored because of its primitive ways. Recently, since the tourism industry has become a significant business, the Tanzanian nation-state officials have begun to recognize the Maasai, and use their authentic lifestyle to attract tourists. The Maasai have used this recognition â€Å"to their own advantage, linking current efforts to protect their lands and livelihoods and access development resources to global campaigns for the rights of indigenous peoples†(Hodgson:135).Their cultural lifestyle is being preserved due to the modern theme of tourism. In addition, the Maasai culture has experienced a shifting of roles of masculinities over many years. Traditionally, the Maasai culture has been associated with pastoralism and a dominant warrior-like masculinity. In the past, when a Maasai adopted certain forms of modernity, they were called â€Å"Ormeek†, which was associated with weakness and ignorance. However, the word Ormeek now takes on a more positive meaning and is valued and respected.Most of the Maasai community has learned that education is a key to the future, and Maasai men â€Å"want to educate all of their children so that they can survive in what they perceive as a rapidly changing world† (Hodgson:140). With this education, the Maasai are able to get jobs in the government, and are able to have a voice for the Maasai people. The older generation depends on the younger generation to take care of them, because of the great power that education has in their society. However, although they are adopting these new ways, many of the Maasai people continue to incorporate traditional ways into their daily routines.The social relations of the Maasai culture have basically remained the same, although education has been a key component that has been added. In conclusion, while adapting to modern ways, the Maasai culture has still maintained many of their traditional values, while also using newfound forms of education to provide new advancements for their culture. Reviving the Radio Tanzania Archives is a project with a goal much like that of the Warumungu women. Although the world is advancing, they are trying to preserve their traditions, and make them available worldwide. They do not want to lose heir past due to changing society; they want to recreate it so it can help future generations and inspire them. The Maasai also recognize that they are living in a changing world, and they are beginning to use new forms of education in order to promote their culture to outsiders. All three pieces of work share a commonality of trying to prese rve traditional means by using modern technology. Even though they are aware the world around them is unpredictable, they are not ready to forget their traditions, and step in line with modern times completely. They will use modern means in order to preserve the traditions that they wish to protect.

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Cultural Technology And Its Effects On Society - 1262 Words

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