Confucianism, Daoism Legalism Essay Example For Students

Confucianism, Daoism Legalism Essay In the midst of the confusion of political unsteadiness and consistent warring of the Zhou period, emerged numerous scholarly masterminds that acquired such significant effect the field of legislative issues, religion and reasoning. Indeed, even to the day, their impact can be espied in the numerous issues of China. Confucianism turned into the vital school of reasoning and later noteworthy methods of reasoning, for example, Daoism and Legalism increased monstrous acknowledgment too. Each gathering had their own recommendations for making a hopeful political society where the numerous issues they looked in their regular daily existences could be wiped out. Every one of the three methodologies were particular and yet, they contained certain likenesses also. In my thinking, I find that Confucianism and Daoism could be resembled from numerous points of view to locate a few normal grounds. Then again, Legalism proceeds to adopt an increasingly special strategy which was very different from the past two. Kongzi (Confucius, a Latinized name) was conceived in 551 B.C.E., to a poor group of the lower honorability. For an incredible duration, he determinedly attempted to increase an office with a noticeable leader of the time who was eager to receive his different ideas. Shockingly, Confucius kicked the bucket in 479 B.C.E., before such a change at any point occurred. Be that as it may, he prevailing with regards to prevailing upon a bunch of give devotees who proceeded with his inheritance and Confucianism later proceeded to get one of the most powerful idea frameworks of Chinese history. Of his supporters, Mencius and Xunzi turned into the most prestige. Since Confucius didn't prevail with regards to finishing a manual of his perspectives, these supporters needed to infer their own understandings of the framework which currently define, the Analects. The Analects depict a glorified courteous fellow, and his different obligations regarding the general public, family and the customs. Confucius clarifies about the way (Dao) which he accepted, that if the individuals acknowledged its terms and were happy to stand, they would prevail with regards to making an idealistic culture. By the start of the BC, another way of thinking develops and increases wide acknowledgment among the everyday citizens. Daoism, much the same as the forerunner and furthermore as the name infers, puts accentuation in transit, that someone in particular is to withstand to. Despite the fact that the two frameworks had various ideas about the way, the shared factor of the two schools was to accomplish all out amicability in the general public. Confucianism centers basically around social request while Daoism puts its focal spotlight on being unified with the nature. In the event that an individual can rehearse five things anyplace on the planet, he is a man of mankind veneration, liberality, honesty, determination and consideration (Ebrey 19B). Confucius refined man needed to have these fine characteristics to make progress. On the opposite side of the token, Daoism accentuated the requirement for comparable elements. Laozi clarifies: For minds, the profundity is acceptable. In social relations, human-heartedness is acceptable. In talking, the reliability is acceptable. In overseeing request is acceptable (Ebrey 28B). The two frameworks, however through various methodologies, advance harmony and generosity among the family, society and with neighboring states. Both Confucianism and Daoism acknowledge the nearness of an extraordinary substance however don't give a reasonable clarification on it. Both idea frameworks consider it generally as a secret that the human psyche can't completely fathom or modify. Confucius put incredible significance in directing various ceremonies for different events. He saw it as a fundamental part for the prosperity of the general public. He stated, when bosses love custom, the individuals are anything but difficult to coordinate (Ebrey 22A). Xunzi gives an increasingly detailed clarification. He said Ritual lead is the flawlessness of respectability . . . Sages understand it, men of their word serenely does them, authorities jam them and the everyday citizens think of them as the custom (Ebrey 25). A similar feeling of puzzle (or ambiguity) can be detected in Daoism. Bingo Long Traveling Essay Laozi proclaims, The way that can be talked about isn't the consistent way . . . anonymous is the wellspring of Heaven and earth . . . Their character can be known as a secret (Ebrey 27 AB). Both Confucianism and Daoism disfavored a cruel government. Confucius asked to lead the individuals with temperance and ceremonies rather than government strategies and disciplines. He accepted that the ruler should pick up .

World philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World way of thinking - Essay Example My convictions were upheld with my encounters with the subjective world, and with the guide of a rich creative mind, I had the option to append the like components to those that I don't by and by understanding. Similarly for what it's worth with the Indians who have confidence in reality that the sun lives in the earth, their way of life takes into account the possibility that everything in the Indian world are associated with one another, in â€Å"profound unity,† may it be lifeless or energize, life is accepted to exist in the quintessence of these things (Momaday, 190). With the sun, the Indians have connected to it a nature that can nearly be human by righteousness for its conduct in the sky with which they can by one way or another identify with. As Momaday composes, â€Å"the sun-watcher among the Rio Grande Pueblos, whose consecrated assignment it is to watch, every day, the very purpose of the sun’s development on the horizon, knows in the profundities of his being that the sun is alive and that it is inseparable with the earth, and he alludes to the most distant eastern plateau as â€Å"the sun’s house† (190), the sun-watcher courts the sun which resemb les a lady being charmed, and the sun being that character is required to go toward home. They consider this to be as a reality on the grounds that the sun experiences changes similarly as an individual would, and seems to move over the sky as would an explorer, and these the Indians give testimony. They consider what they see as essentially as what their sight would lead them to comprehend. For what could be more accurate than to really encounter direct through their own faculties the system of that was around them. Close by the Indians’ respect to a â€Å"living† sun is their distinctive impression of a time allotment. What's more, this assorted idea of time, which is very left from our Western Industrialized idea of time, holds a component of protection of minutes. What's more, maybe this is vastly improved, talking about regarding

Vyvanse for Treating ADHD in Children

Vyvanse for Treating ADHD in Children ADHD Treatment Print Vyvanse for Treating ADHD in Children It works longer and has less potential for abuse than other stimulants By Vincent Iannelli, MD facebook Vincent Iannelli, MD, is a board-certified pediatrician and fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Dr. Iannelli has cared for children for more than 20 years. Learn about our editorial policy Vincent Iannelli, MD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on February 16, 2020 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Nick David / Getty Images Vyvanse is a stimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Stimulants (also known as psychostimulants) are the first line of medications due to their effectiveness in treating  ADHD symptoms. Vyvanse was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in July 2007. Vyvanse for ADHD Vyvanse is a once-a-day treatment for adults and children who are six to 12 years old with ADHD. Its also approved to treat binge-eating disorder in adults. The main ingredient in Vyvanse is lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. The drug acts on the central nervous system to boost the levels of two brain chemicals, dopamine and norepinephrine.?? This, in turn, improves focus and attention and decreases impulsivity and hyperactive behavior. Advantages of Vyvanse Vyvanse is unique in that its a prodrug or forerunner of the drug dextroamphetamine, an amphetamine thats one of the main ingredients in Adderall, Adderall XR, and Dexedrine Spansules. This means Vyvanse isnt active in its ingested form but must be metabolized by the bodys enzymes to become converted to dextroamphetamine and become an active drug. That delayed actionâ€"it can take one to two hours to take effect versus a half hour for Adderallâ€"can stretch out how long the drug works. In studies, Vyvanse lasted up to 14 hours, compared with other long-acting ADHD medicines that tend to last 10 to 12 hours.?? That delay also means Vyvanse is much less likely to be abused  since the drug cant be snorted, smoked, or injected like conventional ADHD medicines. Research shows that up to 10 percent of high school students and up to 35 percent of college students misuse or divert ADHD stimulant medication.?? Because its released at the same levels over time and produces a slow, steady therapeutic effect throughout the day, Vyvanse is often described as smoother than Adderallâ€"theres no kick or jolt to the system when the medication starts to work. An analysis of studies on Vyvanse reported that this smoothness potentially avoids the large and fast increases in dopamine that are associated with the reinforcing effects of drug abuse.?? Dosage Vyvanse is available in seven dosage strengths: 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, and 70 mg. Although most children will start Vyvanse at the 30 mg dosage, a higher starting dose may be more appropriate if your child is switching to Vyvanse from another ADHD stimulant. Vyvanse is taken orally once daily. The first dose is typically taken first thing in the morning; it should be taken at the same time each day for best results. Vyvanse can be taken either with or without food. If your child doesnt like chewable drugs and has trouble swallowing the Vyvanse capsules whole, you can open them and either sprinkle the beads onto a small amount of food or stir them into a few ounces of water or orange juice. This is another benefit over other beaded ADHD stimulant medicines, which dont dissolve in liquids. Side Effects Side effects of Vyvanse are similar to other ADHD stimulants and most commonly include??: Abdominal painVomitingWeight lossDecreased appetiteHeadachesInsomniaIrritability Precautions Like other stimulant medications, Vyvanse should not be used by children with certain conditions,?? including the following: Heart disease or hardening of the arteriesModerate to severe high blood pressureHyperthyroidismGlaucomaHigh state of anxiety, tension, or agitation Vyvanse should also not be used by kids who have a history of drug abuse, who are taking or have taken within the past 14 days an anti-depression medicine (monoamine oxidase inhibitor or MAOI), or who are sensitive to, allergic to, or had a reaction to other stimulant medicines. Should Your Child Try Vyvanse? Vyvanse may be an especially good option if your childs current medication isnt lasting long enough throughout the day, or if youre worried your child may be abusing his or her medicine.

Methane as a Greenhouse Gas

Methane is a major constituent of natural gas, but its chemical and physical characteristics also make it a powerful greenhouse gas and worrisome contributor to global climate change. Methane A methane molecule, CH4, is made of a central carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogens. Methane is a colorless gas usually formed in one of two ways: Biogenic methane is produced by microorganisms breaking down certain types of sugars in conditions where oxygen is absent. This biologically-produced methane can be released to the atmosphere immediately upon being produced, or it can be accumulated in wet sediment only to be released later.Thermogenic methane was formed when organic matter was buried deeply under geological layers and over millions of years, and then broken down by pressure and high temperatures. This type of methane is the primary constituent of natural gas, making up 70 to 90% of it. Propane is a common by-product found in natural gas. Biogenic and thermogenic methane may have different origins but they have the same properties, making them both effective greenhouse gases. Methane as a Greenhouse Gas Methane, along with carbon dioxide and other molecules, contributes significantly to the greenhouse effect. Reflected energy from the sun  in the form of longer-wavelength infrared radiation excites methane molecules instead of traveling out into space. This warms up the atmosphere, enough that methane contributes to about 20% of the warming due to greenhouse gases, second in importance behind carbon dioxide. Due to the chemical bonds within its molecule  methane is much more efficient at absorbing heat than carbon dioxide (as much as 86 times more), making it a very potent greenhouse gas. Fortunately, methane can only last about 10 to 12 years in the atmosphere before it gets oxidized and turns into water and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide lasts for centuries. An Upward Trend According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the amount of methane in the atmosphere has multiplied since the industrial revolution, growing from an estimated 722 parts per billion (ppb) in 1750 to 1834 ppb in 2015. Emissions from many developed parts of the world have now appeared to have leveled off, however. Fossil Fuels Once Again to Blame In the United States,  methane emissions come primarily from the fossil fuel industry. Methane is not released when we burn fossil fuels, as carbon dioxide does, but rather during the extraction, processing, and distribution of fossil fuels. Methane leaks out of natural gas wellheads, at processing plants, out of faulty pipeline valves, and even in the distribution network bringing natural gas to homes and businesses. Once there, methane continues to leak out of gas meters and gas-powered appliances like heaters and stoves. Some accidents occur during the handling of natural gas  resulting in the release of large amounts of gas. In 2015 very high volumes of methane were released from a storage facility in California. The Porter Ranch leak lasted for months, emitting almost 100,000 tons of methane into the atmosphere. Agriculture: Worse Than Fossil Fuels? The second-largest source of methane emissions in the United States is agriculture. When evaluated globally, agricultural activities actually rank first. Remember those microorganisms that produce biogenic methane in conditions where oxygen is lacking? Herbivorous livestock guts are full of them. Cows, sheep, goats, even camels have methanogenic bacteria in their stomach to help digest plant material, which means they collectively pass very large quantities of methane gas. And it is not a minor issue, as a full 22% of methane emissions in the United States are estimated to come from livestock. Another agricultural source of methane is the production of rice. Rice paddies contain methane-producing microorganisms as well, and the soggy fields release about 1.5% of global methane emissions. As the human population grows and with it the need to grow food, and as temperatures rise with climate change, it is expected that methane emissions from rice fields will continue to increase. Adjusting rice-growing practices can help alleviate the problem: temporarily drawing down water mid-season, for example, makes a big difference but for many farmers, the local  irrigation network cannot accommodate the change. From Waste to Greenhouse Gas Organic matter decomposing deep inside a landfill produces methane, which is normally vented out and released into the atmosphere. It’s an important enough problem that landfills are the third-largest source of methane emissions in the United States, according to the EPA. Fortunately, an increasing number of facilities capture  the gas and route it to a plant that uses a boiler to produce electricity with that waste gas. Methane Coming From the Cold As Arctic regions warm up quickly  methane is released even in the absence of direct human activity. The Arctic tundra, along with its numerous wetlands and lakes, contains large amounts of peat-like dead vegetation locked in ice and permafrost. As those layers of peat thaw, microorganism activity picks up and methane is released. In a troublesome feedback loop the more methane there is in the atmosphere, the warmer it gets, and more methane is released from the thawing permafrost. To add to the uncertainty, another worrying phenomenon has the potential to further disrupt our climates very rapidly. Under Arctic soils and deep in oceans large concentrations of methane exist entrapped in an ice-like mesh made of water. The resulting structure is called a clathrate, or methane hydrate. Large deposits of clathrate can be destabilized by changing currents, underwater landslides, earthquakes, and warming temperatures. The sudden collapse of large methane clathrate deposits, for whatever reason, would release lots of methane into the atmosphere and cause rapid warming. Reducing Our Methane Emissions As a consumer, the most effective way to lower methane emissions is by reducing our fossil fuel energy needs. Additional efforts include choosing a diet low in red meat to reduce the demand for methane-producing cattle and composting to reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfills where it would produce methane.

How Has The American Education System Evolved Over Time

How has the American educational system developed over these brief 200 years of history? Over the course of American history, there have been many transitional periods. When, why, and how has the original American education system evolved over time? How did American education begin, how, and why, has it changed, what’s American education like now, and how could it change in the future? Let’s take a look back, and see how it all began. How was it like at the very beginning? During the mid 1700’s, around when America was founded, schooling was costly, and often considered unnecessary. most children were taught to read and write at home. By the late 1700s, the literacy rate was around 75% for males and 65% for females. Most children wrote in a â€Å"‘copy book†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, as paper was expensive. During the mid to mid-late late 1700’s, (1760-1780) it was common for wealthy families to hire a tutor (always male) to teach their children English. Al ternatively, some boys went to ‘grammar school’, which taught an assortment of topics, like mathematics, grammar, religion, history, and even foreign languages. Young girls were almost never sent to school, and were usually only instructed on things that had to do with managing a household. Most education was centered upon religion, and when history was taught, it was often through religious context. When children were learning to read and write, it was often done by copying and reading from the bible. It also helped that mostShow MoreRelatedGrowth Of Americas Health Care997 Words   |  4 Pagesin America and how it has affected the health care system today. It will discuss the advancements made in technology and medical services that have evolved over two centuries. It will review how health care delivery has evolved and impacted today’s health system. The delivery of medical services has changed over many decades. The culture, social economics, and po litical views, have influenced society on how the medical services and advancements in medical technology have evolved. The three phasesRead MoreThe Evolution Of Healthcare During The United States Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Healthcare industry in United States has been an important industry for a long time. It is one such industry that has representation from both public sector and private sector. The current health care system is segregated and fragmented in America. Some states have very effective and efficient healthcare system while some states lack the desired infrastructure. The evolution of healthcare system in USA can be traced back to 1750. The period from 1750 to 1849 is termed as preindustrialRead MoreCriminal Justice Trends Essay1572 Words   |  7 Pagescriminal justice system is a group of institutions that work together to protect a society, prevent and control crime, and maintain justice; enforcing the laws regulated by society. As the years have gone by and society has evolved; so have the criminal justice system and its methods to accomplish its role in society. This short analysis will evaluate the main facts that have been affecting the criminal justice system for decades and hav e influenced the evolution the justice system is enduring inRead MoreIntelligent Design: A Bona Fide Theory Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesas natural selection† (para.1). Although intelligent design is quickly becoming regarded as a scientific theory with more than 50 peer-reviewed journals published, as of now there is no tolerance for it to be taught in America’s public school education system (Discovery Institute, 2012, para. 2). Those against the idea of intelligent design (ID) being taught in schools argue that it would be unconstitutional, going against the separation of church and state, and ID should not be taught due to theRead MoreThe American Dream By John Winthrop1168 Words   |  5 Pages What is the â€Å"American Dream†? The American Dream has always been characterized by a thriving job market, opportunities for advancement, stability, etc. It is â€Å"the pursuit of individual achievement without consideration for moral or legal restrictions† (Angulski, 2013). This idea dates back as far as 1630 to the puritan colonists. It was first established within a sermon given by John Winthrop while sailing to Massachusetts. This sermon set into motion the ideals that we have adapted today envelopingRead MoreThe Historical Foundation Of People With Disabilities Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Foundation: The historical foundation of people with disability has evolved from a place where people with disabilities were hidden away to present time being involved member of their community. disability. One of the first changes for people with disabilities was the Kennedy Era of 1960. President Kennedy used his platform to challenge the quality of life of people with disabilities. When his MR panel found a non-existing care for people with disabilities, their was a removal of mentalRead MoreTodays Education Has Changed Over Time1077 Words   |  5 PagesTodays education has changed in many ways over the years. From the behavior of student’s caused by different parenting skills, how teachers teach their classes as well as student’s ability to use fundamentals, media and technology all play a role in how the world of education has evolved. Robin Lawrence a thirteen year veteran teacher now a curriculum specialist at Bellaire Elementary has a good insight into how the education al system has changed over time. Past and present behavior have differedRead MoreActing White, by Stuart Buck724 Words   |  3 Pagesconvey their message effectively. Acting white begins with the author explaining how most minorities are discouraged about furthering their education because of negative prejudice remarks from their peers. The conflict at hand was that desegregation introduced inequality in the schools where most of their teachers were white. With this being said their racial backgrounds caused education to be unequal. During this time, whites were viewed as the oppressors, and slave-owners. In everybody’s eyes whitesRead MoreTodays Education Has Changed Over Time1161 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: Todays education has changed in many ways over the years. From the behavior of student’s caused by different parenting skills, how teachers teach their classes as well as students ability to use fundamentals, media and technology all play a role in how the world of education has evolved. Robin Lawrence a thirteen year veteran teacher now a curriculum specialist at Bellaire Elementary has a good insight into how the educational system has changed over time. Transition: N/A ParagraphRead MoreHealthcare Systems And Economy From A Small Community Based Healthcare System830 Words   |  4 Pages Healthcare has evolved over the last few centuries from a small community based healthcare system and economy to a multi-billion dollar industry that drives how Americans live their lives. Through healthcare, Americans are able to live now into their eighties and nineties. With medical advances, chronic conditions, such as congestive heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, that at one time were debilitating and led to palliative care, are now conditions that can be managed with

Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India Free Essays

Public Policy for ANIMAL WELFARE in INDIA. Issues, Challenges and Recommendations Submitted by – DR. PUNIT G. We will write a custom essay sample on Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now (PGP-2), IIMA. ARTICLE 51 of INDIAN CONSTITUTION Article 51 of Indian constitution provides protection to animals in India by ensuring â€Å"Compassion to all living creatures†. For ensuring the same, PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS act was enacted in 1960 under which the Government of India instituted the ANIMAL WELFARE BOARD of INDIA for carrying out the activities mentioned in the above mentioned act. Following are some of the important points to be discussed in this backdrop: 1. Saving of DOG population from mass killing by local municipal corporations. a. Enforcing the ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAMME throughout India, i. e. replacing mass killing of stray dogs with vaccination sterilization programmes. 2. Creating SPCA’s (Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals), monitoring their activities, and derecognizing those which are non-working or misusing their mandate. 3. Work towards licensing and taxation of all dog and cat sellers. The report that follows will discuss each issue in the backdrop of the necessity for creating such an article in the act, the relevance in today? time, critical analysis of the policy, any suggestions/recommendations to improve the efficacy for the purpose for which it was put in the first place. ABC program: â€Å"SAVING of DOG POPULATION from MASS KILLING† OVERVIEW: Mass killing of stray dogs was started in India in the 19th century during the times of Britishruled India. Almost 50,000 dogs were killed every yea r even after Independence by the local municipal authorities with an objective to eradicate RABIES and also reduce the stray dog population in India. But in 1993, finally the government admitted that this policy had een a complete failure as human deaths due to rabies had actually increased, and also the dog population was on a rise. This meant that the application of the technique (mass-killing) which was followed in developed countries, did not work in India (a developing nation) as the two environments and scenarios are hugely different from each other. Hence in 1994, the killing programme was replaced by ABC (Animal Birth Control) which meant masssterilization (with mass-vaccination against rabies) instead of mass-killing. In either case, the final objective of the programme is straight-forward – â€Å"Controlling the population of stray dogs. OBJECTIVE of POPULATION CONTROL program: Rather than understanding the pros and cons of any method, let us first begin by laying out the objectives for any such system to be in place. Here are a few of the possible objectives: 1. Protecting the public health at large (as dogs are carriers/vectors for many diseases, including Rabies) 2. Maintaining community hygiene, especially in the urban context. The reasons for doing so are based on some of the facts and statistics highlighted below: i. ii. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world, an estimated 19 million. 0% of all rabies deaths world-wide occur in India, about 30,000 deaths reported each year. iii. iv. 42% of dog-bite victims are children Noise pollution caused by night fights between dog-packs is a severe problem for senior citizens. v. Stray dogs on runways have forced pilots to take evasive action, causing near-accidents to aircraft and necessitating orders from the Mumbai High Court to IAAI to take all necessary measures to clear airport areas of stray dogs. UNDERSTANDING THE â€Å"STRAY DOG† ISSUE: â€Å"Stray dogs† are the ownerless, abandoned, un-muzzled, wandering dogs on the urban road, i. . Free-ranging urban dogs (wikipedia). This means either they are ownerless right from their birth, or become ownerless at some point in their lifetime. These may be pure-bred, true mixed-breed, or un-bred (e. g. Indian pariah). Overpopulation of these stray dogs can cause public health problems for the societies in which they wander freely. The important point to be understood here is that – the societies at risk are majorly the URBAN societies. A lot of literature regarding the stray dogs talks in the context of urban landscape only. Hence it is imperative to understand the reason behind strays becoming a nuisance/menace/problem for the urban landscape, but not majorly for the rural landscape. Is it an URBAN MENACE? Stray dogs or the Indian pariahs are considered scavengers. Principally, this means that they live on the scraps or leftovers from the human households. This is not shocking as history tells us that dogs are those descendants from the wolves which got domesticated due to the humans using them in their hunting expeditions, and rewarding them by passing over chunks of meat or leftovers from the kill. This also implies that this particular evolution of the wolf species has been artificially induced by the humankind. This backdrop is essential in the light of the discussion ahead, as the SCAVENGER nature or utility feature is a part of the domestication feature during the evolution of the dogs. Since ancient times, dogs domesticated around villages serving two primary functions. These being: A. Sanitation B. Security As dogs used to live off on the scraps and the edible waste from the house-holds, they became scavengers in addition to the other natural scavenger animals (including birds). This also meant that they served as an important step in the maintenance of hygiene of the villages by performing effective waste management. In the urban scenario, such a natural waste management system is of no use as there are better waste management systems at disposal. This led to scarcity in the natural food (leftovers) for dogs, leading to the usual survival phenomena of forming packs and searching for food. Hence, this puts the urban society at risk. But given the open access to garbage (a result of improper waste management) in urban areas of developing countries, dogs have found a way to live and breed freely. Hence, the resultant has been that the stray dog-population has been on a rise even when mass-killing was in place. So the technique of control is not a problem in first place, but the lack of proper waste management in the urban scenario. This also brings out an important hypothesis – â€Å"Population control measure of any kind is bound to fail in absence of proper urban waste management systems which lead to free-access of these stray animals to waste which acts as their source of food. † Dogs are territorial animals – that means they guard their territory, not just from other dogs but from anyone they perceive as intruders. This is a feature which has been exploited / put to use by the humans for decades of their symbiosis together. But in the urban setting, this utility feature is not put to use at all, except the use of certain breeds of dogs (mainly nonIndian origin) for security/guarding purpose. The innate guarding nature of dogs lead to these strays barking on beggars entering into new territories, attacking speeding vehicles ONLY DURING NIGHT TIMES, etc. An interesting example to prove this case is the instance of a few stray dogs barking on the 26-11 attackers when they landed by a ferry in Mumbai. These strays were continuously barking at those people trying to make the locals aware that they are sensing some deviation from the normal – perhaps sensing a major threat. But the locals chose to ignore this, and the rest is a fateful history. This also brings out an important hypothesis – â€Å"Stray dogs are nuisance in urban settings not because they are not a fit in the urban environment, but because we haven’t been able to tap into their innate abilities and utilize them for maintain the centuriesold symbiosis between the two species. † ANALYSIS/EVALUATION/CRITIQUE OF THE FACTS: i. India has the highest population of stray dogs in the world, an estimated 19 million. A simple look at this fact makes us think that it is time to control this population. But a deeper understanding of dynamics of dog population will clear a lot of air. Dog populations follow a specific growth curve – the initial being an EXPONENTIAL growth curve, followed by decrease in birth rate and increase in death rate reaching equilibrium depending on the carrying capacity of the environment to keep this balance. The carrying capacity of environment means the availability, distribution and quality of resources (shelter, food and water) which aid the natural growth of dog population. (Jimenez-Coello) This also implies that dog population control measure cannot be seen independent of the factors which impact it. Hence, control on the carrying factors is a pre-requisite for the direct control measures like â€Å"sterilization† to actually succeed. ii. 80% of all rabies deaths world-wide occur in India, about 30,000 deaths reported each year. Rabies is a preventable viral disease transmitted through the saliva of INFECTED animals. Dogs are the most common source of transmission to humans. The control measures adopted currently are the â€Å"Vaccination programs† against rabies. Now the efficacy of such a program depends on a lot of factors which involve maintaining the cold storage or cold supply chain of the vaccine, administering the vaccine when the dog is normal health, administering in puppy stage, regular annual vaccination, etc. The question which arises here is how a stray dog, living in open conditions, can be made to confirm to all the above criteria. Hence, the efficacy of this system will always be questionable. Also, a major loophole exists in actual implementation of this measure – the number of dogs vaccinated by any animal welfare organization is simply taken at the face-value by the AWB. Shouldn? t there be a correlation between the population of dogs in a given area, number of dogs vaccinated and number of rabies incidents reported/found? This should be an evaluation criterion to confirm if the organization is efficient in performing the objective of rabies control. iii. Noise pollution caused by night fights between dog-packs is a severe problem for senior citizens. Do dogs bark only when they fight? If yes, do they occur only during the night? Many such questions can be raised to actually test the truth behind this fact. Yes, barking leads to noise pollution, disturbance during night etc. but dogs bark when they feel threatened OR perceive someone to be a threat to their territory. We also need to prepare a report on number of petty thefts (stealing car audio, burglary etc. ) being prevented due to stray dogs barking at night. That would be a valid critique for the above fact. THE SOLUTION (Combination of CONTROL and UTILITY) A unique model which suits a developing nation like INDIA needs to be created for ensuring that the dog population doesn? t actually become a menace to the society. A species which has long been living in harmony and symbiosis with the human race since ages, doesn? t mutate into a pest for humans – just because we haven? t found a utility of this domesticated species. Along with ANIMAL BIRTH CONTROL PROGRAM and VACCINATION PROGRAM, a „COLLECTIVE PETTING? methodology is proposed which is as follows: POLICE SYSTEM Aid to curb urban crime (theft, burglary, etc) Search Rescue assistance during DISASTERS. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS Involving students in proper care of strays. Development of a broader understanding of urban environmental balance in students. Development of caring attitude for animals in students. – NGO’s Driving force of this entire project VETERINARY HEALTHCARE Preventive Health care system. Market research. Outsourcing of food medicines for the project. Efficient implementation of the project. – – Main co-ordinator between all the key players. Think-Tank for this entire project. – HOUSING SOCIETIES Collective Adoption of Stray dogs. Better security solution. Reduction in menace to the society. How to cite Public Policy for Animal Welfare in India, Papers

The ramifications of Child Sibling Incest an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

The ramifications of Child Sibling Incest by Expert Prof.Ashley | 23 Dec 2016 Sibling Incest Free Essay Societys awareness of sibling incest and assault, and its response, has lagged behind other child abuse issues and concerns. In comparison with parentchild abuse, inter-sibling abuse is generally underreported by parents, teachers, mental health professionals, and the community. Child Protective Services and the legal system are reluctant to accept and respond to sibling abuse reports that are filed (Caffaro & Caffaro, 2005). Research studies on sibling incest are lacking which may be due to parents who discover their children engaging in sexual acts are usually not inclined to call child protective services. Also sibling incest has a myth surrounding in that label it benign with no side effects Mitchell, 1995, p.75). Need essay sample on "The ramifications of Child Sibling Incest" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Our Customers Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals: I still don't know how I'm going to write my racial profiling essay EssayLab specialists advise: Help With Essay Writing. Here Is Your Life Vest! Essay Writing TipsHow To Write A 5 Paragraph EssayCheap Essays5 Steps To An EssayCollege Papers For SalePaper Writers For HireCoursework Writing ServiceBuy Essay Definition Incest may be defined as sexual relations between close blood relatives, e.g., between a child and the father or uncle, between siblings; or in its broader sense, between a child and a stepparent or stepsibling. Incest is a taboo in all countries. Legally, incest and sexual aggression toward minors are classified as a criminal behavior. It has psychological, social, medical, and legal ramifications. Recently, it was reported that being the victim of paternal incest during childhood might be a significant predictor of a borderline personality disorder and complex posttraumatic stress in adults. Although fatherdaughter incest is the most common, incest can also involve other family members, especially brothers and sisters. The incest victim of a father and/or brother relationship may manifest more severe distress, than the victim of a stepfather (Celbis et al, 2006). Causative factors There can a number of reasons for sibling abuse occurring. Firstly, parents may give responsibility to older sibling to take care of younger children, who in fact is not mature enough emotionally to act as a surrogate parent. Secondly, parents may be caught up with their own busy lifestyle to effectively parenting their children. Thirdly, even after knowing about the abuse, they fail to check it due to ineffective parenting (Mitchell, 1995, p.75). Symptoms There are fewer signs and symptoms of sibling incest than parental incest due to the fact that sibling incest is less disruptive to the functioning of the family and hence less likely to be discovered. Fewer signs and symptoms of traumatization could facilitate maintaining the secret (Schetky & Green, 1988, p.130). Long term psychological symptoms of incest include depression, anxiety, psychiatric disorder, drug and alcohol use, borderline personality disorder, somitization disorder and eroticization. However, the severity of the symptoms depends on a number of factors such as frequency and duration, relation to perpetrator, use of violence oe force, type of abuse, age of victim, age difference between the perpetrator and victim, and parental support variable (Schetky, 1990, p.32). Research findings Smith and Israel (1987) studied 25 cases of sibling incest. They have found three factors specific to the families in which sibling incest occurred. Parents were distant and unavailable, both emotionally and physically. 88% of the fathers and 75% of the mothers fit this category. Secondly, home environment was sexually stimulating. Forty eight per cent of the sibling perpetrators witnessed some form of sexual contact between parents or a parent or someone else. Fifty two percent of the sibling perpetrators had been sexually abused and 32% of sibling perpetrators had the same female member of the family that had been victimized by the father. Over three quarter of the parents were engaged in extramarital affairs (Smith & Israel, 1987). Effects of sibling incest The incestuous relation can ruin the victims lives in many aspects. Daughters who have been sexually abused reported lower levels of self-esteem about their intellectual and school status, resulting in lower academic achievement at school, marital problems and also job failure (Dadds et al, 1991). Relationship difficulties, developmental effects limiting the siblings ability to form meaningful relationships within his or her peer group, and dysfunctional family dynamics are also evident with survivors of sibling incest. Although the effect of sibling incest is thought to be insignificant compared to father-daughter incest, the damage can still be considerable. When coercion, threats, or other forms of abuse of power have taken place, the damage can be considerable (Hagood, 2000, p.151). The traumatic impact of sibling incest will depend on a series of factors including the type of molestation, frequency, duration, and extent of the sexual contact, the degree of coercion and physical force applied, the discrepancy of age between the siblings, and the nature of the sibling relationship. Long term sibling incest involving coercion and physical threats with a significance difference in age between the perpetrator and the victim is likely to be more damaging than a mutually consensual exploratory sexual contact between siblings close in age (Schetky & Green, p.131). Treatment of sibling incest The unique circumstances of sibling abuse treatment frequently require a modification of traditional systemic approaches. In treating victims or perpetrators of sibling violence, safety and accountability are front and center issues for the clinician. According to Larson and Maddock (1986) that family treatment is not always possible or acceptable. Family-based therapy may be one aspect of a multidimensional approach to treatment that includes inpidual, group, and family intervention. The patient's readiness is a prime criterion for determining the wisdom of family involvement. Treatment considerations must take into account the developmental stage and readiness of the incest survivor and treatment must be coordinated with the needs and capacities of the client. There is a clear danger inherent in rigid approaches, which expect all families to fit the same theories of causation and methods of treatment. Differing cultural expectations influence the developmental course of relationships between parents and children, as well as between siblings. The ability to recognize these differences is important when assessing and intervening in sibling incest and assault dyads. And because abuse trauma is likely to involve multiple areas of functioning, sibling assessment must be an ongoing part of treatment rather than a static process that precedes therapy (Caffero & Caffero, 1998). Conclusion Treatment for sibling incest and assault requires multidisciplinary cooperation and usually, the coordination of services among several provider systems. Like child abuse treatment in general, it is complex and challenging work that requires ongoing specialized training and ability. Systematic and cross cultural studies are also called for to fill the lacuna in research. References Broden, M.S., sexual abuse of adult incest survivors: ethical and legal considerations, Psychotherapy, Vol.35, issue 1, pp.96-104 Caffaro, J.V., & Caffaro, A.C. (2005) Treating sibling abuse families, Aggression and Violent Behavior, Vol.10, issue 5, pp.604-623 Caffaro, J.V., & Caffaro, A.C. (1998) Sibling abuse trauma: Assessment and intervention strategies for children, families, and adults, Haworth Press, New York, pp.303 Celbis, O., Ozcan, M.E., & Ozdemir, B (2006) Parental and sibling incest: a case report, Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, Vol.13, issue 1, pp.37-40 Dadds, M., Smith, M., Webber, Y., daughter incest, Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol 15, issue 4, pp.575-586 Hagood, M.M.(2000) The use of art in counseling child and adult survivors of sexual abuse, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, pp.269 Larson, N.R., 44 Mitchell, J.W. (1995) Rape of the innocent: Understanding and preventing child sexual abuse, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, U.S.A., pp.315 Schetky, D.H., & Green, A.H. (1988) Child sexual abuse: A handbook for healthcare and legal professionals, Psychology Press, Routledge, London, pp.248 Schetky, D.H. (1990) A review of the literature on the long term effects of childhood sexual abuse, In Richard Kluft Eds: Incest related syndromes of adult psychopathology, American Psychiatric Press, Washington D.C. pp.33-38 Smith, H., & Isreal, E (1987) Sibling incest: A study of dynamics of 25 cases, Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol.11, issue 1, pp.101-108